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婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛濡囬埞宥夋煃閳轰礁鏆曠紒鎲嬫嫹 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅涘Λ妯好归悡搴f憼妞わ讣鎷� | 婵犵鍓濋〃鍛存偋閸涱垱顐介柨鐕傛嫹 | 缂傚倷绶¢崰妤呭磿閹惰棄绠圭憸鏂款嚕椤掑嫬鐐婇柍鍝勫暙婵烇拷 | 闂備礁鎲$敮妤呭垂瀹曞洩濮抽柕濞垮劗閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佷户濞寸》鎷� | 婵犳鍠楄摫闁搞劌纾懞閬嶅Ω閵夈垺鐏冮梺鍝勬川閸嬬喐瀵奸敓锟� | 缂傚倸鍊风粈浣烘崲閹寸姷鐭堥柣鐔稿閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佷户濞寸》鎷� | 闂佽崵鍋炵粙鎴﹀嫉椤掑嫬妫橀柛灞惧焹閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佷户濞寸》鎷� | 闂佽崵濮村ú銈壦囬幎绛嬫晩闁圭偓鏋奸弸鏍煛閸モ晛浠уù纭锋嫹 | 闂備礁鎲¢懝楣冩偋閸曨垰鐒垫い鎴f娴滈箖姊洪棃娑欘棏闁稿鎹囬弻娑橆潩閻愵剙顏� | 婵犵鍓濋〃鍛存偋閸涱垱顐介柕澹啫鐏婃俊銈忕到閸熺娀宕戦幘缁樻櫢闁跨噦鎷� | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅涘Λ姗€鏌涢妷顖滅暠濠殿噯鎷� | 闂備礁鎲¢懝楣冩偋閸℃稑绠栭柟鍓х帛閸ゆ垿鏌涢幇銊︽珕闁瑰嚖鎷� | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛/鍕濠殿喗绻傞惉鐓幬i敓锟� | 闂備礁鎲¢悷锕傛偤閺囥垹鐒垫い鎺嗗亾闁哥喐鎸抽妴鍌炴嚍閵夛箑鍔呴梺璺ㄥ櫐閹凤拷 | 
婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅涢悙濠囨煕濞嗗秴鍔氬┑顕嗘嫹 | 闂佽崵濮村ú銈壦囬幎绛嬫晩闁规崘顕х粻浼存煕閵夋垵鍟伴、锟� | 闂佹眹鍩勯崹浼村箺濠婂牆鏋侀柕鍫濇噳閺嬫牠鏌¢崶锝嗩潑婵炵》鎷� | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛/鈧崑鎾诲捶椤撶偘绮舵繝娈垮櫙閹凤拷 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅滈悡鍌氣攽閻樿精鍏岄柣銈忔嫹 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅滈埛鎺撱亜閺傚灝鈷旈柟鏂ゆ嫹 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵哄┑瀣剁稏濠㈣泛鏈崰鍡涙煥濠靛棛澧遍柛銈忔嫹 | 闂佽崵鍠嶅鎺旂矆娓氣偓瀹曡绂掔€n亝顥濋梺鎼炲劵缁犳垶鎱ㄩ敓锟� | 闂佽姘﹂鏍ㄧ濠靛牊鍏滈柛鎾茶兌鐏忕敻鏌ㄩ悤鍌涘 | 婵犳鍠楄摫闁搞劎鏁诲鏌ュ閻橆偅鐏冮梺鍝勬川婵箖锝為敓锟� | 闂佽崵鍋炵粙鎴﹀嫉椤掑嫬妫橀柛灞惧焹閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佇い顐嫹 | 缂傚倸鍊风粈浣烘崲閹寸姷鐭堥柣鐔稿閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佇い顐嫹 | 闂備礁鎲$敮妤呭垂閸撲焦鍏滈柛鎾茶兌鐏忕敻鏌ㄩ悤鍌涘 | 缂傚倷璁查崑鎾绘煕濞嗗秴鍔ょ紒鎰殕缁绘稒寰勭€n偆顦柣鐐寸啲閹凤拷 | 婵犵鍓濋〃鍛存偋閸涱垱顐介柕澹嫭鍎遍柣搴秵娴滄粓鍩i敓锟� | 闂備線娼уΛ宀勫磻閹剧粯鐓忛柛鈥崇箰娴滈箖姊洪棃娑欘棏闁稿鎹囬弻鏇㈠幢韫囨挷澹�
Making Electronic Contracts Reliable(论电子合同的合法与可靠性)

  For example, it is possible to instruct a printing machine to print a signature by electronic signal sent over a network or via a modem. Similarly, it is now possible with standard personal computer equipment and readily available popular word processing software to compose, say, a letter on a computer screen, incorporate within it the author''s signature which has been scanned into the computer and is stored in electronic form, and to send the whole document including the signature by fax modem to a remote fax. The fax received at the remote station may well be the only hard copy of the document. It seems to me that such a document has been ''signed'' by the author.
 Therefore, a simple signature by putting the name at the end of the document is probably accepted by courts, particularly where there is no dispute over the attribution and authenticity of the document. If the party only challenges that the simple signature can’t function as a handwriting signature while acknowledging the authenticity of the message, it is not likely to be accepted by judges.
 Although under the common law the requirements for signatures are not very strict, the principle laid down by the Model Law Article 9 should be followed. The evidential weight of this simple signature should be assessed in terms of “reliability of the manner in which message was generated, stored or communicated” and of other standards. It is clear that digital signatures are more reliable than the simple signatures when parties have different opinions on the attribution and authenticity of the message or even signatures themselves. If one party denies it sent the claimed message and apart from the simple typed name there is no other evidence proving the message was sent by the party, the claim may not be defeated.
 Generally speaking, New Zealand Law Commission agreed that simple typed signatures are allowed under the existing law while certain special situations should be considered. However, it didn’t make a difference between disputed and non-disputed signatures or /and contents of contracts as I mentioned above, but between a distinction among different contracts which have different value and different subjects.
  Section 29 of the Interpretation Act 1999 will (from 1 November1999) enable electronic communications to constitute “writing”. Whether or not an electronic equivalent to a manual signature will be sufficient to comply with the requirements for a signature under section 2(2) of the Contracts Enforcement Act will ultimately turn upon whether a court assesses the reliability of the electronic signature to be sufficiently reliable for the purpose for which it is used, having regard to the nature of the transaction. In most cases, a simple email message, with a person’s name typed at the foot, would, in our view, be insufficient to constitute a “signature” for contracts relating to land and guarantees. However, a court might find the signature sufficient if, for instance, the amount involved is of low value or the transaction is not complex or the parties have completed contracts by electronic means.
 In my view, if a simple email signature is legally effective it is not necessary to make any difference between contractual subjects. If both parties to a contract admit the terms and conditions of the contract and they admit they typed their name on the contract, it is not appropriate for the court to rule out the enforceability of the contract only because the typed signatures are too simple to be suitable for contracts relating to land and guarantees. “The essential requirement of signing is the affixing, either by writing with a pen or pencil or by otherwise impressing on the document one''s name or


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